Identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous Snake

Identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous Snake INTRODUCTION Snakes are one of the most interesting reptilian creatures of earth. They are interesting as for the purpose of study as well as research and that is so because of the one character they possess in them and that is there Poison which is called by the name of Venom. Unlike all reptile snakes are poisonous but not all of them. A few species among them failed to obtain that character. This venom act as both useful weapon as well as defense shield against its pray and enemy. The snake venom is a hazardous protein and characterized by very complex compositions. It is slimy egg-like viscous liquid having slightly fishy smell. It is the complex set of harmful toxicants as well as proteins. Other than toxicants and proteins the snake venom contains several peptides, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleosides, biological amines and metal ions, which make it even more complex than other normal proteins. Venom contains more than 20 kinds of enzymes and toxins, but the main ingredients of the venom are toxic proteins. The toxic component present in snake venom varies according to the snake species or even the venom secreted by the same snake in different season may also vary. This changes the characteristic of different snake venom and decides its role in pharmacological, toxicological and medical field. Snake venom mainly consists of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, toxins that cause blood clotting, bleeding toxins (that stops the blood clotting and blood remains to flow continuously even after injury), harmful enzymes and other major components. The cytotoxic venom is more effective than the neurotoxic type venom, and it will work almost immediately to the prey such as the mouse and frogs. Although the snakes are very calm and hideous animals (except a few ones) yet mortality rate associated with the snakebites is a serious public health problem in almost all the region of the world, especially in rural areas where medical facilities are low or absent. In India, majority of bites and mortality are due to King cobra, Naja naja, Daboia Russelli Russells viper, Bangarus caeruleus (common krait) and Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper). [1.1] Frequency of snake bite About 35,000 to 50,000 people reportedly die of snake bite in India every year; however, the unreported cases may be more in rural India. Estimated snake bites and (death) cases were reported as 25,000(30) in Europe; 6 20,000(100) in Middle East; 45,000(15) in USA and Canada; 3,00,000( 5,000) in Central and South America; 10,00,000(20,000) in Africa; 40,00,000 (1,00,000) in Asia; 10,000 (200) in Oceania all total worldwide 5 million ( 1,25,000). Death incidence due to snake bite is rather rare in Australia, Europe and North America but frequent in South Asia, South-East Asia and Sub-Sahar an Africa. In Zimbabwe on 274 cases studied, 4 out of 5 3, 6, 7 children died who are under 8 years old. [1.2] Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snake (source:www.buzzle.com//venomous-snake-identification-identifying-poisonous-snakes.html) Poisonous snakes generally possess the characters like Vertically elliptical shaped cat like pupil. A small depression (termed pit) between the eyes and nostrils. Triangle shaped head e.g. Copperheads and rattle snakes, exception- Elapids. Underside scales of tail go completely all the way across in a single row from the anal plate; the very tip of the tail may possess two scale rows. Head and body both are seen during swimming time. Generally of multiple colors. In contrast, non-poisonous snakes generally possess the characters like: Round pupil in the center of eye. U shaped head. Two rows of scales from the vent to the tail end. Only head is seen during swimming time. Generally of one color. Mostly stripes are from head to tail. [1.3] Utility of Snake Venom Snake venoms are used to control heart diseases, high blood pressure, cancer (contortrostain produced by Agkistrodon contortrix- is cytostatic in nature and found to lower the growth rate of breast cancer in mice), tumor, polio, neurological disorders (enzymes from cobra venom were found to cure Parkinson s and Alzheimers diseases), excessive bleeding (a blood clotting protein in Taipan venom stop bleeding during surgery or after major trauma), blood clotting (ancrod obtained from Malyan pit viper, used to develop angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to treat stroke victims), severe allergies amongst others. Other interesting areas of snake venom include the treatment of viruses (as venom contain phospholipidases which break down cell membrane), aging and some are even used in commercial wrinkle cream! [1.4] Phospholipase-A2 Phospholipase A2 is one of the most intensively studied membrane proteins which hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position to form fatty acid and lysophospholipid products. These are small proteins and the 3-D structures are known to high resolution for several species. Phospholipase A2 proteins are of high pharmaceutical concern since they are responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membranes, and since the subsequent conversion of this fatty acid to leukotrienes and prostaglandins is part of the inflammatory response. The enzyme also shows very interesting interactions with the membrane on which it binds. It is activated in some way when it interacts with aggregated forms of the substrate, such as in micelles or in bilayers. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are suspected to be involved in the binding of the enzyme to the membrane. Very little is known of the enzyme-membrane complex structure and why the enzyme reacts much more efficiently once it binds its substrates in an aggregated form. The phospholipid molecule consists of a glycerol-3-phosphate (blue colour) esterified at its sn-1 and sn-2 positions to non-polar fatty acids (R1 and R2, respectively) and at its phosphoryl group to a polar head group, X. Phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 cleave the acyl ester bonds at sn-1 and sn-2, respectively. Phospholipase C cleaves the glycerophosphate bond whereas phospholipase D removes the head group, X. PLA, phospholipase A; PLC, phospholipase C; PLD, phospholipase D. Phospholipases2.png Fig-1.1: Phospholipase A2 Structure [1.5] Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) Activity After entering inside the body of human being venom containing PLA2 enzyme start affecting the cell membranes of almost all the cell organelles. Since cell organelles containing cell membrane are made up of phospholipids, hence this this phospholipids act as a reactant for phospholipase a2 and start reacting with it. This phospholipase a2 tends to form arachidonic acid which has an inflammatory sensation and this arachidonic acid further converted into PGG2 by using cyclooxygenases. This PGG2 further transcribed into PGH2 which forms 3 basic compounds PGD2, PGF2, and PGE2. On the basis of the ester bond that is cleaved within a phospholipid molecule, phospholipases are grouped into four families, namely A, B, C and D. Phospholipase A enzymes cleave the acyl ester bond at either the sn-1 (phospholipase A1) or sn-2 (phospholipase A2) position (Figure 1). The Whoterm phospholipase B is given to phospholipases that hydrolyze acyl ester bonds at both sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Enzymes grouped under phospholipase C cleave the glycerophosphate bond, while phospholipase D enzymes remove the polar head group. C:UsersAMITDesktopFINAL PROJECTicb200456f1.gif Fig-1.2:Activity Chain of Phospholipase A2 inside Cell Membrane Phospholipase A2 is being suppressed by Lipocortins which is also known as Annexin. In human Annexin the common cellular protein is found inside the cell. However outside the cell the annexin is also found inside the blood because they are transported out of the cell into the blood. This is because of the lack of a signal peptide necessary for protein to be transported out of the cell. Since there are different dataset had been already prepared but could not found the IC50 value, due to which the working on this dataset could not be carried out further. [1.6] Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship (QSAR) QSAR plays an important role in lead structure optimization and it can be predicted that QSAR method will become essential for handling the huge amount of data associated with combinatorial chemistry. 3D-QSAR has already been successfully applied to many data sets of enzyme and receptor ligands. The biological activity of molecules is usually measured in assays to establish the level of inhibition of particular signal transduction or metabolic pathways. Chemicals can also be biologically active by being toxic. Drug discovery often involves the use of QSAR to identify chemical structures that could have good inhibitory effects on specific targets and have low toxicity (non-specific activity). Of special interest is the prediction of Log P, which is an important measure used in identifying drug-likeness according to Lipinskis Rule of Five. While many Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship analyses [9] involve the interactions of a family of molecules with an enzyme or receptor bi nding site, QSAR can also be used to study the interactions between the structural domains of proteins. As in the article Structural modeling extends QSAR analysis of antibody-lysozyme interactions to 3D-QSAR, protein-protein interactions can be quantitatively analyzed for structural variations resulted from site-directed mutagenesis. In this study, a wild-type antibody specific for lysozyme and 17 single and double mutants of the antibody were investigated. Quantitative models for the affinity of the antibody-antigen interaction were developed. [1.6.1] 3D-QSAR The 3D-QSAR methods have been developed to improve the prediction accuracies of 2D methods. 3D methods are computationally more complex and demanding than 2D approaches. In general, there are two families of 3D-QSAR methods: alignment-dependent methods and alignment-independent methods. Both families need experimentally or computationally derived bioactive conformations of ligands as templates for studies. QSAR study revealed that alignment- independent descriptor and distance- based topology index are the most important descriptor in predicting apoptosis- inducing activity. 3D-QSAR study was performed using k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis (kNN-MFA) approach for both electrostatic and steric fields. Three different kNN-MFA 3D- QSAR methods (SW-FB, SA, and GA) were used for the development of models and tested successfully for internal (q2>0.62) and external (predictive r2> 0.52) validation criteria. Thus, 3D- [1.7] Objectives To retrieve the three- dimensional coordinates of protein and known active molecules against phospholipase-A2. To generate significant three-dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship model from active molecules. To analyze protein-ligand interaction of known actives against phospholipase-A2 molecular docking studies. To identify important scaffold of compound and their structural modification with helps in designing new molecules with improve activities.

Charm bracelet Essay

My charm bracelet is a symbol of me and everything I stand for. It is a chain bracelet with many different charms. Each charm symbolizes an event or an item that makes me who I am. My turtle charm represents my speed. My life has always been at a slow pace, never have I been quick with anything I do. I feel that people don’t slow down to just enjoy life’s every beauty. I take time to slow down and walk this earth with thankfulness, like a turtle. My cowgirl boots charm represents my pride. I gather the cows, put out hay, and mend to what is needed. After the work is done I put on my dress put those same boots on that I installed great amount of work and dance. I take pride in being a beautiful women and doing a job only for men. My boots have stunning lacing work, but still gets the job done, like me. My two hearted charm represents my compassion. My attitude towards others is nothing shy from compassionate. This world has many harsh dealings; I try to understand people and their pain. Compassion is all it takes to change a person’s life. Like my heart, is full of compassion. My angel charm represents my faith. I am a child of God; I try to do my best to follow his teachings. I go to church every Sunday. I’m very active in my youth group, and was asked to teach weekday school next year. My father always told me angels watch over us and guides us; I will someday be one of those angels. My charm bracelet carries many symbols of me and my life. It shows my faith, my compassion, my speed, and my beauty as a hard working woman. This is me and what I stand for, don’t ask of anything else you will be left disappointed.

The Hidden Treasure of 100 Essay and Journal Topics

The Hidden Treasure of 100 Essay and Journal Topics There are invariably a vast range of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. Your aim must be to present an issue prior to your reader by analyzing all the angles connected with that topic. If you've got a chance to interview those who are more experienced in the subject of your essay than you, you ought to take your opportunity to speak to them about it. Write about a problem which you have or wish to fix. You don't have to be a mad-cap scientist to relish writing fundamental works. If you select a concept that's too broad, you will remain on the surface without touching the most important thing in the slightest. Conclusion when you are done placing all of your information in the body paragraphs, it's necessary for you to compose a conclusion. When you own a list before your eyes, it is going to be much easier to compose your mind and get started considering a specific matter. Finding the Best Essay and Journal Topics Animals' rights are always a wonderful problem to discuss, particularly with students. Music practice and the techniques to have it organized. Every American should learn how to speak Spanish. He should learn to speak English. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Children should be asked to read more. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. The 5-Minute Rule for 100 Essay and Journal Topics In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's advisable to use a 5-paragraph structure. The thesis statement also needs to be restated in conclusion. Thesis Statement Thesis statement holds a great deal of importance in any sort of essay writing. In reality, you will figure out how to create a terrific essay if you decide on its topic correctly. It's possible to define a notion in your short essay. If you wish to succeed, the very first thing you are to do is to select the suitable topic for your essay. It's possible to opt for an intriguing topic from any area of science. Browsing our essay writing samples can provide you a sense whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. There are scores and scores of various channels on the internet that dwell upon particular topics which may be linked to the creation of your essay. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research on the web, it's much better to determine what interests you the most. Contradictive Your topic should stir a selection of opinions among the general public. Make certain you give clear explanations of the things on your list too. Otherwise, you'll be old news, and nobody could possibly wish to read your paper. Explain how to create a paper airplane. Finding the Best Essay and Journal Topics Some are difficult others straightforward. If you're allowed to freely choose what things to write by yourself, utilize the chance to make something unique. You may use different examples on the web at no cost. Cell phones should not be used while driving. Most issues can have essays on all the aforementioned questions. Well, the majority of these topics are largely taught within a course setting. It's possible to ask your teacher for approval if you're not certain which topic is more interesting. Well, the response isn't too obvious here. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. If you want good discussions together with art, you're welcome to train your argumentation abilities. Luckily, you have our top-class group of writers who can assist students and teach them how to select the most suitable essay direction. Typically, the teachers or professors assign the topics independently. A Secret Weapon for 100 Essay and Journal Topics Year round school isn't a good idea. From time to time, it's helpful to keep in mind an event which happens regularly like a birthday party. Snow days are excellent for family quality time. The Truth About 100 Essay and Journal Topics You should think about a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. The question could possibly be part of your introduction, or it may make a fantastic title. On the flip side, in case you made a great choice, focus on what influen ced you to make that decision and the way it has changed you. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs.

Artistic Voice Essay - 1863 Words

Artistic Voice Authors have a distinct identity that you recognize when you read their work of art. The qualities and aspects of a text that give an author a distinct identity as an artist are known as their artistic voice. Denise Levertov and Anne Sexton both use different themes in their poetry that separate them from other poets. Denise Levertov writes about the unknown and the unsaid in life. Anne Sexton distinguishes herself by writing about her family, loves, and her emotional tragedies. Sandra Cisneros wrote a novel called The House on Mango Street that contained a different setup than most novels. It was written in fragments and the language was straightforward. Cisneros focuses on the importance of freethinking†¦show more content†¦Meaning those problems that occur in the marriage will not just disappear when you kiss and make up. In the second stanza she is using communion to express how a spouse if looking for communication with their partner and is being turned away each by each. Levertov refers to society as a leviathan in the third stanza. She also talks about how the couple is looking for joy in their relationship, but they do not want it to be known that things are not working out with them. In the last stanza Levertov uses to the ark of to explain the survival of marriage. Everyone feels that marriage is a delightful experience; choosing to ignore the reality of struggles that relationships must deal with. Levertov took the one-sided view that people hold of marriage and exemplified the realistic problems that people tend to forget. When Anne Sexton writes her poetry she writes to make the reader feel what she is writing. Sexton tends to write about her own experiences and events in other womens lives. 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